FYI on google search

Blogger is part of google, so you'd expect that to be indexed automatically as part of blog creation.

I wanted to look up a reference I'd cited some years ago, and tried to "google" for it. Nothing.

DuckDuckgo had it.

It wasn't something that should have triggered google's "badthink" algorithms--and I've seen this more than once.

Maybe anything bloggy that's older than X years gets dropped, or older than X years and blogger says it hasn't been accessed in Y years. I've searched for odd things sometimes and run into tiny old blog sites, so I'm not sure that hypothesis works.

Rabbit trails on seasonings

Following up on the obvious question from a few days ago I looked at some AmerIndian recipes, and ran across this recipe: three sisters soup. The 3 sisters are of course corn (support), squash (keeps down weeds and pests), and beans (climbs on corn, helps nitrogenate the soil). FWIW, using modern strains for these plants may not work very well--the corn grows taller than it used to, I suppose, and you need to use pole beans rather than bush beans.

There is no one authentic recipe for this soup : it can be made, and is made, in a variety of ways, with different combinations of ‘sisters’. Recipes have been passed down through generations in tribes, and have become more modernized in the process. My version uses chicken broth and fire roasted tomatoes for a flavorful broth, potatoes for their satisfaction factor, jalapeño and chipotle powder for a little kick of heat, and black eyed peas because I love them. FYI tomatoes, potatoes, and peppers are all indigenous crops, native to the Americas.

The tomatoes and potatoes didn't make it up from Central America until after Columbus, of course. I'm not sure why--maybe the intervening territory wasn't great for them? Just for fun, look at the ingredient list. Generations of tribal cooks were adaptable.

1. olive oil: olives came from Syria
2. garlic: there were wild species harvested here
3. onion: wild species harvested here
4. chicken broth: Asia, no chickens (or no surviving ones) until Columbus
5. fire roasted tomatoes: South America and Mexico, only made it north after Columbus
6. red potatoes: South America, only made it north after Columbus
7. zucchini and/or summer squash: Central America, squash widely cultivated
8. corn: Central America-- reached Great Plains before 1000AD, widespread
9. black-eyed peas: Africa (other beans were native: green, wax, lima, pinto, etc)
10. jalapeño: Mexico, some trading and cultivation in southwest but not elsewhere
11. chipotle powder: see jalapeno
12. bay leaf: Asia, there's a distantly related species in Oregon
13. cumin: western Asia
14. salt: AmerIndians made or traded for this
15. pepper: India

There's apparently some dispute, but given that most of pre-Columbian North American Indians didn't have cookware suitable for oil frying, it seems likely that frying was an innovation. They could easily have come up with vegetable or animal oils--and did. They traded fish oil in the NorthWest (and made slave raids to get workers to process the oil).

What on that list, that was actually indigenous to the Americas, could be easily traded? Dried peppers, the Oregon laurel, and salt. Other things known to have been used as seasonings: juniper berries, dried roots of wild ginger, dried ramps, but some of these have easy equivalents. Salt's essential, though, and not always easily gotten--that we know they did trade.

But getting back to the question about empires, what did the Cahokians eat? Lots of kinds of meat, and quite a variety of plants--though some of the relics in the pit may have been from plants they used. corn, bottle gourd, squashes, sunflower, sumpweed, lambsquarters, maygrass, knotweed, several kinds of nuts and fruits--grapes, persimmons, strawberry, plum, bramble, elderberry, black haw, mulberry, and nightshade... And amaranth, purslane, "panicoid grasses" (a huge family), carpetweed, and spurges--ok, they wouldn't have eaten that one, except as medicine and I'd be dubious of it even then. I'd never heard of a lot of these, but I think most of them are local to the Cahokia area. Seasonings probably wouldn't have been used in sufficient quantities to show up in the relics. Maybe one day we'll find residues in pots. The Cahokians didn't write any cookbooks. Even if they'd been literate, they might not have needed to. They were big, but not that big.

Little barley? I've seen that stuff. I remember reading about wheat when I was very young and asking my parents if the stuff in the yard was wheat. It wasn't.

Relics of Empire

When an empire does what we and all our creations eventually do, how do you know it was there? What's left?

If they went in for big construction, maybe you'll find Lovecraftian haunted ruins (or think Xenophon and Nineveh if you're not into Lovecraft).

If the locals became numerous again in the years since the collapse, instead of ruins you'll find walls built with a variety of old temple stones, bakers rolling stones made of old tombstones, and other things that make archaeologists weep.

If they were literate you'll find inscriptions on stone, but little of the rest will be saved unless somebody finds it valuable enough to copy. In the West the church saved things, and in the East--well, Rome lasted longer there. (Antiquarians of the future will assert that "the Lion-Hearted" was an honorific for Nixon.)

If, like Rome, the empire created a reputation for stability and the rule of law and prosperity (never mind its multiple civil wars for now), it will leave a legacy in laws and ideals. For over a thousand years after Western Rome had fallen, kings still took Roman titles and claimed Roman dignities. OTOH, who knows of much besides the title of pharaoh? It's a good thing the Egyptians built pyramids.

The elite want luxuries and people have opportunity to specialize--if the empire lasts long enough I'd think they'd develop cuisines. Poor man's version of those filter down. (Our family version of konigsberger klopse is much simpler than the "proper versions".) It's not, or not always, "whatever we have goes in the pot." The rich might trade for imported spices, but the rest find local equivalents to vary the food and make it tasty. That's a good legacy, though probably not the type the original empire-builders intended.

This _is_ the dairy state...

Cows blocked Hwy 151 at Main Street. The police called 3 "a herd". I'm not sure where they came from--I didn't think any of the nearby farms had cows, and I'm pretty sure John Deere and Walmart don't stock any.

Images

In the morning Bible study, the line came up about "Jesus learned obedience from the things which He suffered." Someone pointed out that you learned about love that way too, as a parent sitting by a sick child's bed in the middle of the night. And that in a way Jesus is sitting by our side in the middle of our night.

Passing time better left unpassed

Our eldest was given a Dr. Who Exploding Tardis jigsaw puzzle. Do I need to say that it is not complete yet? When I went to look up an illustration for the post, I changed my mind about the subject and started to rejoice that it wasn't "The Lines" or a solid color one.

I've heard of an abstract puzzle that included extra peices, of ones that didn't include edge peices--were there double-sided jigsaw puzzles with pictures on both sides? Yes.

I don't start jigsaw puzzles myself, but if one is already out it tends to exert a diabolical fascination...

FWIW, Prado Museum has a collection. If you want to put together the Garden of Earthly Delights...

Coincidences

While reading a book on Christian mystics I found that John Bunyan had learned from a book called The Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven. Interesting title... and the author was Arthur Dent. Where had I run across that name before? The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. I wonder...

The net is a terrible distraction and time sink, but it can sometimes find things for you quickly. Douglas Adams wrote:

So this guy [...] assumed – he instantly leapt to the conclusion – that I had deliberately made this extraordinary, involved academic joke. He went through The Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven and teased out all the parallels between the two books, and he sent me this long dissertation on this 'joke' that he discovered I had 'created'. I had to write back and say, 'I'm sorry, I've never heard of this book.'

Oh well.

McLuhan

Graham Majin at Quillette makes a case that Marshall McLuhan's influence here is much like Foucault's. McLuhan championed the idea that the medium has an impact on the effect of a work of art (or history or)--which seems straightforwardly clear. He took it farther to say that the effect of the medium dominates, especially in aggregate, and a radical change in media changes the culture--never mind what people seem to be saying.

I read Understanding Media back in high school, and my impression was: well, ok, but ... Majin's article accuses him of helping normalize the idea that journalism makes the news and that truth isn't literal. I don't remember that, though I only read one part of his works--maybe I just forgot. (I thought The Medium is the Massage was self-indugent and silly.)

If he were alive today, he'd look at the isolated phone-veneraters riding the bus and say "I told you so:" Although our disembodied culture was certainly not what he hoped for.

Important moments in history

It might be easier to find accurate and useful information in this 1619 Project.

Vai alphabet

From the Max Planck Institute a test of a theory about letter evolution. There's an old idea that letters rose from writing signs that were pictographic, and then got simplified over time. It seems quite plausible. Not all alphabets are derived from the mideast scripts. In Liberia, back around 1834, Vai tribesmen decided to create their own alphabet. Neither Roman nor Arabic scripts were a good match for their language, and the creators decided to make their own. They're supposed to have been illiterate in any other language, and their characters don't closely resemble anything else.

The alphabet did not die out, but it underwent some changes. The first link includes a video showing three of the Vai letters and how they were drawn over the years. They morph and simplify. The shape and even direction of the letters shows quite a bit of variation--I'm guessing it wasn't perfectly standardized. That would have made it easier to simplify.

"Visual complexity is helpful if you're creating a new writing system. You generate more clues and greater contrasts between signs, which helps illiterate learners. This complexity later gets in the way of efficient reading and reproduction, so it fades away," says Kelly.

As the letters became less complex, Kelly and team found they also became more uniform. This is despite the language never having been adopted for mass production or for bureaucratic needs.

Oversight Board

Byron Bishop, currently Equal Opportunities Division manager in the city's Department of Civil Rights, tapped to be the city's first independent police monitor took himself out of consideration for the job after documents surfaced showing he'd discriminated against a woman he'd been having an affair with and violated state licensing requirements at his former company.

"The Police Civilian Oversight Board voted in closed session to offer him the job"

The decisions from the state Department of Workforce Development's Equal Rights Division and the former Department of Regulation and Licensing date back to 2007 and 2005, respectively, and were shared with Madison's Human Resources Department by a member of the public. The Wisconsin State Journal obtained them through a public records request.

... Board members — who unlike the vast majority of the members of Madison's dozens of citizen boards are paid for their work — have also refused to comment publicly about their decision-making in the search for an independent monitor ...

If the records were that easy to come by, I wonder how the PCOB overlooked the matters.

Two cases:

Bishop ticked the right boxes and they didn't bother to look farther ("Eric A. Hill, a white former military police officer who sought the monitor position, filed state and federal discrimination complaints in November, alleging that nearly 30 social media posts by board members disparaging white men and the military put him at an unfair disadvantage.") This seems pretty likely--seven of the eleven voting members posted biased statements about Eric.

Or they knew, and it didn't matter to them because he ticked the right boxes. I wish I could say this was unlikely.

UPDATE. I should have added a bit more information. From a 2020 story about the founding of the board in response to protests:

Those appointees are: Shadayra Kilfoy-Flores, who was nominated by the Community Response Team and has been a longtime advocate of police reform; Ananda Deacon, nominated by Freedom, Inc.; Joshua Hargrove, nominated by JustDane; Rachel Kincade, president of Madison Organizing in Strength, Equality, and Solidarity (MOSES), nominated by NAMI; Ankita Bharadwaj, nominated by OutReach LGBTQ+ Community Center; Yesenia Villalpando-Torres, nominated by UNIDOS Against Domestic Violence; Maia Pearson, nominated by Urban Triage; and Jacquelyn Hunt, nominated by YWCA.

Freedom Inc wants to do away with police and prisons and has a history of intimidation. MOSES aims to end "mass incarceration," whatever that may mean. JustDane used to be Madison Urban Ministry--I used to know a little about that, but that was decades ago.

"Believe this; not because it's true, but for some other reason"

Some big names in research agree that politics is more important than truth. I'll be retiring this spring. Just as well, I suppose--the cancer seems to be spreading. It hasn't hit our group yet.

Hoenig

I don't keep close track of the finance world. Some things the big player do are obvious blunders, but others require intimate knowledge of the players to evaluate. I'd heard of people who weren't happy with federal inflation-risky policies, but couldn't tell you who they were.

a reputation hardened around Hoenig as the man who got it wrong. He is remembered as something like a cranky Old Testament prophet who warned incessantly, and incorrectly, about one thing: the threat of coming inflation.

But this version of history isn’t true. While Hoenig was concerned about inflation, that isn’t what solely what drove him to lodge his string of dissents. The historical record shows that Hoenig was worried primarily that the Fed was taking a risky path that would deepen income inequality, stoke dangerous asset bubbles and enrich the biggest banks over everyone else. He also warned that it would suck the Fed into a money-printing quagmire that the central bank would not be able to escape without destabilizing the entire financial system.

Asset inflation enriches the already rich. Read the article. Is the author missing something?

Lawgiving

Pittacus of Mytilene: "A crime committed by a person when drunk should receive double the punishment that it would merit if the offender were sober."

He composed his laws in verse. That would make law school a bit more interesting--assuming the poetry was competent. Of course, poetry often tries to shove multiple meanings into a phrase, and that might give judges rather more interpretive discretion than we generally expect.

"Pittacus at Mitylene made stairs to the Temples, which served for no use, but as a dedicated gift ; hereby signifying the ascent and descent of Fortune : those whom Fortune favours ascending, the unfortunate descending."

I'd build a big, tall house with rooms by the dozen
Right in the middle of the town
A fine tin roof with real wooden floors below
There would be one long staircase just going up
And one even longer coming down
And one more leading nowhere, just for show

Thanks to Dr. Boli for learning about Pittacus.

UPDATE: "The Cretans commanded all free-born children to learn the Laws with a kind of melody"

Deer Covid,

I've been reading that white-tail deer have turned up with COVID--and not just one strain but at least 3, implying multiple infection incidents. I take that to also mean that researchers have DNA-sequenced the viruses and are sure it isn't something else.

One of the more notable characteristics of the deer is their extreme efforts at social distancing from humans. Living in the great outdoors, at least in humans, seems to reduce the respiratory transmission rate too. When deer are alone with each other they do congregate, so they could share the bug easily, but how does the bug get from sick human to wild deer?

Different models might be distinguishable...

• Deer are really really really susceptible to the airborne virus, and can catch it from a few viruses. They wouldn't have to be very close to humans then. And they'd spread it among themselves like fire.

  This should be easy to test. Get a deer from one of those deer farms and try to infect it.

• Deer get really close to people at deer feeders. I've never seen one myself, but I've heard of them. Not suburban, and not exactly rural either--on the outskirts of town but far enough away from tempting farms... I'd expect the people who expect deer to show up to be people who are fairly isolated (or else the deer would be spooked) and thus less likely to have the bug in the first place.

  I have no good idea for how to test this. You could do a longitudinal study--ask people not to feed the deer because they're getting sick and then see if wild deer get new variants. Lots of luck with getting cooperation.

• A variant of the above: deer feeders to attract wild deer to make later hunting easier.

  No cooperation here either...

• COVID has more than one mode of infecting people/animals. We know that the earlier forms were pretty much entirely spread through the air--there weren't outbreaks around grocery sto res, for example. But the virus turns up in the sewer. WHO said on 29-July-2020 "there is no evidence to date that COVID-19 virus has been transmitted via sewerage systems, with or without wastewater treatment." That wouldn't be a grave surprise, but having it transmitted at some small level wouldn't be a grave surprise either. I don't think deer eat trash much, which might be another way of getting the virus into them. There's no guarantee that deer can't be infected by means that don't bother humans so much--our digestions are different.

  Once again, get a few deer and try to infect them

• Something else with closer contact with humans also has close contact with deer, and serves as a vector for the disease. We know cats get it, though cats aren't generally close to deer.

  What else around the yard gets it? Birds? Surely not mosquitoes--Africa would be swamped with it then.

Further research required..

I wonder where we could set one of these up

I had never heard of the Boogg before. It's a Zurich tradition: a snowman stuffed with straw, cotton, and dynamite. It beats Jimmy the Groundhog for drama.

UPDATE: Incomplete w/o a video. This is from 2018.

Iron work in unexpected places

"Hunter-gatherers who lived more than 2,000 years ago near the top of the world appear to have run ironworking operations as advanced as those of farming societies far to the south." That points to the paper:

"Excavations in what’s now northeastern Sweden uncovered ancient furnaces and fire pits that hunter-gatherers used for metalworking." And some of it fairly sophisticated too. I guess they had enough forests to make charcoal, and some source of ore. If you have that, what you need is enough people to help with making charcoal and building some furnaces. Mining and crushing the ore isn't quite trivial either. There's a bit of investment in infrastructure, and finding the right tools and organization for the work. I'm guessing the actual iron-working spots were pretty much fixed, and maybe only used part of the year.

Having your own iron source could be handy enough that you'd spend some effort trying to entice at least a smith to come live with you. I read that AmerIndians were annoyed at having to rely on other people for all their iron tools--the situation might be roughly parallel. I'm told there were bounties paid for smiths to settle in small towns in the colonies, but there was already a market in them, and the culture was the same--and sedentary enough to make such a move natural and convenient.

But a move to a more migratory culture would be a much more jarring transition. There'd be a smaller market for the smithing skill, though a good one for newly smelted iron. And what in that culture would seem to be an enticement? Getting away from a feud? Women? A friend? I'm guessing that the southern and northern tribes were nearly as different as Indians and colonists here.

Once you've adopted some iron workers, you're over the hump, and the rest of your tribe and allied tribes should get the technology eventually. If they have the natural resources.

UPDATE: wrt iron among the Indians this describes some of it. The Eskimos had iron, some from meteorites, some possibly from trade with Greenland, long before Columbus.

New World diseases?

What diseases did the New World provide to the Old?

We all know about syphilis. Were there other diseases? Surely the answer is yes.

A reddit-er notes that Europeans very often did get sick. "when we read the accounts of early Spanish entradas in the U.S. Southeast, the authors make specific mention of crew members becoming ill weeks after their arrival in new lands" Cocoliztli didn't spread to the Old World, but didn't come from there either. "Giardia, Entamoeba, and Cryptosporidium" and other parasites were common. "...Jamestown, where of the > 3,500 who arrived from 1617-1622, only 1,240 were alive in 1622. The chief cause of death was endemic illness, and the term "seasoning" was commonly used to describe the disease transition new immigrants needed to go through before their survival was more assured"

It sounds like there was plenty of disease, though if much beyond syphilis made the return trip it got lost in the noise of Old World / African diseases. If you can transport a sick person fast enough he could infect others at the far side, or if the disease was a recurring one (malaria), or if the vector could survive the trip (rats) you could transfer the disease across the ocean.

UPDATE: AVI points out that malaria was suspected. The model would be that within a group a few people had latent malaria, and when it resurfaced (that happened to me, BTW), if there were anophelese mosquitoes around the rest of the group could get it and spread it. Europe/England has species of this kind of mosquito, but apparently some of them are not efficient trasmitters. An "indoor" disease? But England certainly had malaria: "By the 14th century ague was usually referred to tertian or quartan fevers (fevers occurring every third or fourth day)"--vivax, ovale, or falciparum vs malariae for the every 4 days.

So I'd guess that either the "seasoning" referred to malaria+ (+ malnutrition, + some other bug, possibly intestinal), or it was actually something else. Yellow fever, maybe? But malaria was certainly part of the cocktail that destroyed so many Europeans visiting tropical rainforest Africa.

For the kids

They twist up balloon animals for kids at festivals and fairs. Could one take fruit roll-ups and make ori-gummis?

You might need extra-thin roll-outs, with maybe a little something to reinforce it.

Bad luck

I'm agnostic about ghosts. The stories seem somewhat inconsistent and I've not seen them myself, but there's plenty of testimony to their existence, including something my wife saw once.

Every now and then I wonder. Have you ever known someone who had "bad luck" coming out the ears? Computers hang for him. The register runs out of tape printing his receipt. Everybody goes out for icecream, and his cone has some shredded paper in it. His porch regularly gets hit by porch pirates. His doctor decides to retire just before an important consult.

Is he haunted by a poltergeist?

Or maybe his guardian angel went to the wrong address...